ARTex: Musanya Token na Kadaru na Duniya na Gaske tare da Sirri - Binciken Fasaha

1. Gabatarwa

Takardar ta gabatar da ARTex, sabon dandamalin cinikin token da aka tsara don magance matsalolin sirri a cikin ma'amalar Token na Kadaru na Duniya na Gaske (RWA). Bayan gabatarwar Bitcoin, kasuwar kadaru ta dijital ta bunkasa sosai, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin haɗa kadaru na zahiri da na dijital. Duk da haka, ka'idar bayyana gaskiya ta blockchain ta lalata sirrin 'yan ciniki. Yayin da akwai mafita kamar ayyukan gauraya (mixer) don token masu musanya (FTs) kuma an gudanar da bincike don token marasa musanya (NFTs), token na RWA suna gabatar da kalubale na musamman saboda halayensu da abubuwan da suka shafi bin ka'idoji. ARTex na nufin magance waɗannan gazawar, tabbatar da sirrin 'yan ciniki yayin haɓaka kariya daga ayyukan haram.

2. Menene Token na RWA?

Token na Kadaru na Duniya na Gaske (RWA) suna wakiltar canza kadaru na zahiri da na zahiri na duniya zuwa token akan blockchain. Ra'ayin, wanda ya shahara a kusan 2023, yana da tushe tun 2017. Token na RWA sun haɗa da ba kawai Bayar da Token na Tsaro (STOs) ba har ma da NFT marasa musanya da Token na Soulbound (SBTs). Ka'idar da aka tsara ERC3643 ta daidaita token na RWA, tana bayyana su don haɗa da kadaru na gaske, tsaro, cryptocurrency, da shirye-shiryen sarauta. Wani muhimmin sifa na ERC3643 shine Kwangilar Rajistar Asali, wacce ke tabbatar da bin sawun mallakar token tun daga fitarwa, wanda a asalinsa ya saba wa manufar sirri.

3. Kalubalen Kariyar Sirri

Bayyana gaskiya na blockchain yana ba da damar bincika tarihin ma'amala cikin sauƙi ta hanyar kayan aiki kamar Etherscan, yana bayyana adiresoshin walat, abubuwan da aka riƙe na token, da cikakkun bayanai na canja wuri. Wannan yana haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci na sirri ga 'yan cinikin token na RWA. Magungunan sirri na yanzu, kamar masu gauraya tsabar kuɗi (misali, Tornado Cash) ko blockchain masu mai da hankali kan sirri (misali, Monero, Zcash), galibi ba su dace da token na RWA ba. Masu gauraya na iya zama marasa inganci don kadaru na musamman, marasa musanya kuma suna ɗaga alamun ja na bin ka'idoji game da wanke kuɗi. Bin sawun da ka'idoji kamar ERC3643 suka ba da umarni don bin ka'idoji (KYC/AML) ya saba wa buƙatun fasaha na sirri kai tsaye, yana haifar da tashin hankali na asali.

4. Dandamalin ARTex

An gabatar da ARTex a matsayin dandamalin ciniki na musamman don cike gibi tsakanin sirrin ma'amalar token na RWA da bin ka'idoji.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Kalubalen asali shine tabbatar da canjin yanayi mai inganci ba tare da bayyana asali ba. Ana iya yin samfurin wannan ta amfani da Hujjojin Rashin Sani. Misali, don tabbatar da mallakar takamaiman token na RWA (kadara mara musanya tare da ID na musamman $T_{id}$) ba tare da bayyana maɓallin jama'a na mai shi $PK_{owner}$ ba, mutum zai iya gina zk-SNARK.

Daidaitaccen Dangantakar ZKP don Mallakar RWA:
Mai tabbatarwa yana buƙatar gamsar da mai tabbatarwa (dandamalin ARTex) cewa sun san sirri $sk$ kamar haka:
$PK_{owner} = g^{sk}$ (inda $g$ shine janareta a cikin rukuni na lanƙwasa)
Kuma cewa bishiyar yanayi $S$ (misali, Merkle Patricia Trie a cikin Ethereum) ta ƙunshi ganye inda $Hash(PK_{owner}, T_{id}) = leaf_{value}$ kuma hanyar Merkle $\pi$ tana da inganci ga tushen $R$.
Da'ira $C$ za ta tabbatar: $C(sk, PK_{owner}, T_{id}, \pi, R) = 1$ idan duk sharuɗɗan sun kasance. Hujjar $\pi_{zk}$ tana bayyana kawai $R$ da $T_{id}$, ba $sk$ ko $PK_{owner}$ ba.

Girman Saitin Sirri: Ingancin hanyoyin tarawa ya dogara da girman saitin sirri $n$. Yiwuwar haɗa shigarwa da fitarwa daidai ta abokin gaba ba tare da ƙarin bayani ba shine $1/n$. Don token na RWA tare da ƙarancin ruwa, kiyaye babban $n$ kalubale ne mai mahimmanci.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Lura: Kamar yadda ɓangaren PDF da aka bayar bai ƙunshi sakamakon gwaji ba, wannan sashe shine tsinkaya bisa ga abin da cikakken kimantawa na ARTex zai haɗa.

Ginshiƙi 1: Sirri vs. Jinkirin Ciniki. Taswirar layi zai iya nuna cewa yayin da "girman tarawa" (adadin ma'amalolin da aka haɗa tare) ya karu akan x-axis, "girman saitin sirri" (ma'auni don sirri) yana ƙaruwa, amma "jinkirin tabbatar da ma'amala" shima yana ƙaruwa. Matsayin aiki mafi kyau na ARTex zai kasance inda lanƙwasa ya fara daidaitawa don sirri yayin da jinkiri ya kasance mai karɓuwa (misali, ƙasa da mintuna 30).

Ginshiƙi 2: Kwatancen Farashin Gas. Ginshiƙi mai kwatanta matsakaicin farashin gas kowane canja wurin token na RWA: 1) Canja wurin kai tsaye akan sarkar, 2) Amfani da mai gauraya na gaba ɗaya, 3) Amfani da ka'idar ARTex. Farashin ARTex zai fi na canja wuri kai tsaye saboda samarwa/tabbatar da ZKP amma yana iya zama ƙasa da kwangilar mai gauraya mai sarƙaƙƙiya, musamman idan an raba shi a kan ma'amalolin da aka haɗa.

Tebur: Binciken Yayyawar Sirri. Tebur mai kwatanta siffofi daban-daban da aka fallasa a cikin yanayi daban-daban:

• Kai Tsaye Akan Sarkar: Mai aikawa, Mai karɓa, ID na Token, Adadi, Alamar Lokaci.
• Mai Gauraya na Gabaɗaya: Na iya fallasa ID na Token (idan NFT), kusan Alamar Lokaci.
• ARTex (Manufa): Lamarin canja wurin ID na Token kawai da Alamar Lokacin tarawa.

7. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari

Yanayi: "AlphaFund" yana son siyar da rabon gidan gaskiya da aka canza zuwa token (ID na Token na RWA: RE-NY-1001) ga "BetaInvest" yayin kiyaye cinikin sirri daga masu fafatawa da jama'a.

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Kafin Ciniki: Duk ɓangarorin biyu suna bin tabbatar da KYC/AML akan dandamalin ARTex (a waje da sarkar). Asalinsu an san su ne kawai ga mai sarrafa dandamali, wanda ake zaton ya kasance ƙungiya mai bin ka'idoji.
2. Ƙaddamar da Oda: AlphaFund ya ƙaddamar da odar siyarwa don RE-NY-1001. BetaInvest ya ƙaddamar da odar siye. Umarnin sun haɗa da alkawurran sirri ga asalinsu da token.
3. Daidaitawa & Tarawa: Injin daidaitawa na ARTex yana haɗa umarnin. Don haɓaka sirri, yana iya jira don haɗa wannan nau'i a cikin babban tarin tare da wasu cinikayyar token na RWA marasa alaƙa (misali, bashin carbon da aka canza zuwa token da token na sarauta).
4. Biye da Rashin Sani: Don tarin, an gina ma'amalar biyan kuɗi guda ɗaya don blockchain. Wannan ma'amalar ta ƙunshi ZKPs da kowane mai siyarwa ya samar, yana tabbatar da cewa sun mallaki token da suke siyarwa daidai kuma suna da haƙƙin canja shi, ba tare da bayyana takamaiman shigarwar da ta dace da fitarwa ba. Kwangilar akan sarkar tana tabbatar da waɗannan hujjojin.
5. Ƙarshe: Bayan tabbatarwa mai nasara, an sabunta yanayin blockchain. Mai kallo na waje yana ganin cewa tarin token na RWA sun canja hannu a cikin kwangilar ARTex, amma ba zai iya tantance cewa RE-NY-1001 ya motsa musamman daga AlphaFund zuwa BetaInvest ba.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Ci gaba

Ra'ayin ARTex yana buɗe hanyoyi da yawa:

• Kuɗi na Cibiyoyi: Ciniki na sirri na lamuni, hannun jari, da kuɗaɗen da aka canza zuwa token tsakanin ƴan wasan cibiyoyi, suna kare matsayin dabarun.
• Daidaitaccen Jari & Babban Jari: Ba da damar ciniki na biyu na rabon kamfani da aka canza zuwa token ba tare da fallasa hanyar sadarwar masu saka hannun jari ko cikakkun bayanai na kimanta jari ba da wuri.
• Cinikin Kadaru Masu Daraja: Don zane-zane, abubuwan tarawa, ko kayayyakin alatu da aka canza zuwa token, inda sirrin mai siye/mai siyarwa ya fi mahimmanci.
• Haɗawa da Kuɗin Dijital na Babban Banki (CBDCs): Zai iya samar da matakan sirri don ma'amalolin CBDC na jumla tsakanin bankuna.
• Sirri na Tsakanin Sarka: Siffofin gaba na iya sauƙaƙe ciniki na sirri na token na RWA a cikin yanayin blockchain daban-daban.

9. Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
2. Buterin, V. (2022). Soulbound. Blog na Gidauniyar Ethereum.
3. Gidauniyar Ethereum. (2024). ERC-3643: Ka'idar Token don Kadaru na Duniya na Gaske. Shawarwari na Inganta Ethereum.
4. Ben-Sasson, E., da sauransu. (2014). Zerocash: Biyan Kuɗi na Sirri da aka Rarraba daga Bitcoin. Taron IEEE akan Tsaro da Sirri.
5. Miers, I., da sauransu. (2013). Zerocoin: E-Cash na Sirri da aka Rarraba daga Bitcoin. Taron IEEE akan Tsaro da Sirri.
6. Etherscan. (2025). Mai Binciken Block na Ethereum. https://etherscan.io
7. Task Force Action Action Action (FATF). (2021). Sabunta Jagora don Hanyar Haɗari zuwa Kadaru na Virtual da VASPs.
8. Gidauniyar Zcash. (2023). Menene zk-SNARKs? https://z.cash/technology/zksnarks/

10. Binciken Kwararru & Fahimta

Fahimta ta Asali: ARTex ba wani tsabar kuɗin sirri kawai ba ce; yana da niyyar kai hari a mafi muni a cikin kuɗin dijital: yadda ake sa kadaru na duniya na gaske, na musamman, waɗanda aka kayyade su yi ciniki tare da ruwa da sirrin kuɗi. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa kayan aiki na yanzu sun gaza saboda suna ɗaukar token na RWA kamar wani kadaru na crypto. Masu gauraya suna shakewa akan rashin musanya, kuma ka'idojin sirri na tsantsa kamar RingCT na Monero ko zk-SNARKs na Zcash, duk da cewa suna da hazaka don kuɗi (kamar yadda aka yi cikakken bayani a cikin takardar Zerocash), ba a tsara su don zane-zanen mallaka da ƙugiyoyin bin ka'idoji na asali ga RWAs ba. Amintaccen ARTex shine cewa za ku iya raba matsalar - sarrafa asali da bin ka'idoji a waje da sarkar a cikin "gonar bango" mai bin ka'idoji, da kuma sarrafa ɓoyayyar ma'amala akan sarkar. Yana da ma'ana, idan an tsakiya, sulhu.

Kwararar Hankali & Ƙarfafawa: Hankali yana da inganci. Takardar ta fara ne daga buƙatun kasuwa da ba za a iya musantawa ba - sirri don ciniki mai mahimmanci, na kadaru na duniya na gaske - kuma ta gano daidai dalilin da yasa mafita na yanzu ba su isa ba. Rarraba damuwa na tsarin ginin da aka gabatar (KYC na waje da sarkar, sirri akan sarkar) shine babban ƙarfinsa. Yana iya ba da damar dandamalin ya bi ka'idojin Hanyar Tafiya na Task Force Action Action Action (FATF) don VASPs a waje da sarkar, yayin da har yanzu yana ba da sirri mai ma'ana akan sarkar. Wannan zai iya sa ya zama mai dacewa ga masu bin ka'idoji ta hanyar da Tornado Cash bai taɓa kasancewa ba. Yuwuwar amfani da ZKPs, kamar yadda ayyuka kamar Zcash suka fara kuma yanzu suna haɓaka tare da kayan aiki kamar Circom da Halo2, shine daidaitaccen jagorar fasaha don tabbatar da canjin yanayi ba tare da bayyanawa ba.

Kurakurai Masu Kyau & Tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba: Shaidan yana cikin (cire) cikakkun bayanai. Bangaren PDF ya yanke, amma giwa a cikin daki shine tsakiya da amana. Dukan samfurin ya dogara ne akan mai sarrafa dandamalin ARTex ya zama abu mai aminci, mai bin ka'idoji, kuma mara lalacewa. Ya zama babban rumbun bayanan asali da niyyar ciniki. Ta yaya wannan ya bambanta da na al'ada, na sirri, dillali - kawai tare da matakin biyan kuɗi na blockchain? Matsalar "saitin sirri" don na musamman, ƙananan RWAs masu ruwa shima an rage shi sosai. Idan kai ne kawai mutumin da ke cinikin Picasso da aka canza zuwa token a wannan watan, babu adadin tarawa da ke ɓoye ku. Ana buƙatar dabaru kamar ka'idar Dandelion++ don sirri na matakin cibiyar sadarwa ko ƙarin zane-zanen gauraya masu sarƙaƙiya. Bugu da ƙari, takardar ba ta da wani takamaiman bayanan aiki ko hujjojin tsaro. Samar da ZKP don dabaru na mallakar RWA masu sarƙaƙiya (wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙoƙin doka, rabo) na iya zama mai saurin jinkiri da tsada, matsala da aka rubuta da kyau a cikin binciken ZKP na farko.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu gini, ga abin da za a ɗauka: Kasuwar sirrin token na RWA ta gaske ce kuma ba a biya ba. Duk da haka, yin fare akan dandamali guda ɗaya, mai tsakiya kamar ARTex yana da haɗari mai yawa. Mafi wayo shine a cikin matakin kayan aiki na sirri. Ku kalli:

• Da'irori na ZKP na gabaɗaya waɗanda za su iya tabbatar da ƙa'idodin mallakar RWA na sabani cikin inganci.
• Mafita na asali (DID) waɗanda za su iya tattara tabbacin KYC ta hanyar kiyaye sirri (misali, ta amfani da Iden3 ko Polygon ID), yana iya rage buƙatar cibiyar KYC mai tsakiya.
• Modules na "Sirri-a-matakin Sabis" waɗanda ayyuka kamar Centrifuge ko Maple Finance za su iya haɗawa, maimakon musayar kai tsaye.