Binciken Aiki na Yaƙin Neman Zaman Lafiya na Qubic akan Monero: Dabarun, Shaida, da Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

A watan Agusta na 2025, cibiyar sadarwar Monero ta fuskanci wani babban lamari na tsaro lokacin da tafkin haƙa ma'adinai na Qubic ya sanar da jama'a kuma ya aiwatar da wani "yaƙin neman zaman lafiya na son kai," yana tallata shi a matsayin nunin yuwuwar mamaye kashi 51%. Wannan takarda tana gabatar da cikakken bincike na aiki kan wannan yaƙin. Ta haɗa bayanan kan sarkar daga nodes na Monero tare da bayanan API daga tafkin Qubic, marubutan sun sake gina ayyukan haƙa ma'adinai na Qubic, sun gano lokuta goma daban-daban da suka dace da dabarun haƙa ma'adinai na son kai, kuma sun kimanta tasirin tattalin arziki da tsaro. Sabanin labarin tallan Qubic, binciken ya gano cewa yaƙin bai yi riba sosai ba idan aka kwatanta da haƙa ma'adinai na gaskiya, ya kasa cimma ci gaba da sarrafa kashi 51% kuma ya nuna ƙayyadaddun ayyukan ka'idojin kai hari na ka'idar.

2. Hanyoyin Bincike & Tattara Bayanai

Binciken na aiki ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa saboda fasalolin sirri na Monero, waɗanda ke ɓoye tantance ma'adinai/tafki kai tsaye a cikin tubalan. Hanyar binciken ita ce ginshiƙin gudummawarta.

2.1 Tushen Bayanai & Gina Baya

Marubutan sun sarrafa wani node na Monero mai tsinke don ɗaukar sarkar da aka sani da kuma alamun lokacin tubalan. A lokaci guda, sun tattara sanarwar ayyukan haƙa ma'adinai na ainihi daga API na jama'a na tafkin Qubic. Ta hanyar haɗa wahalar aikin, alamun lokaci, da tubalan da aka samo a kan sarkar, sun sake gina lokutan tubalan da ke da yuwuwar Qubic ne ya haƙa su.

2.2 Hanyoyin Tantancewa

Ba tare da alamun bayyane ba, tantance tubalan ya dogara ne akan hanyoyin tantancewa. Hanya ta farko ta ƙunshi nazarin lokaci: lokacin da aka haƙa wani tubali jim kaɗan bayan API na Qubic ya watsa sabon aiki mai daidaitaccen wahala, an danganta shi da tafkin. Wannan ya ba da damar kimanta ingantaccen hashrate na Qubic da kuma gano lokutan da za a iya riƙe su waɗanda ke nuna haƙa ma'adinai na son kai.

3. Sakamakon Bincike & Nazari

3.1 Rabon Hashrate & Lokutan Kai Hari

Binciken ya gano takamaiman lokuta goma inda halayen Qubic ya bambanta da haƙa ma'adinai na gaskiya. A cikin waɗannan lokutan, matsakaicin rabon hashrate na Qubic ya ƙaru zuwa cikin kewayon 23-34%, sama da matsayinsa na asali. Duk da haka, bayanan sun nuna a fili cewa tafkin bai taɓa cimma ci gaba da hashrate >50% da ake buƙata don kai hari na al'ada na kashi 51% ba. An aiwatar da harin ne a cikin fashe-fashe, ba a matsayin ci gaba da kai hari ba.

3.2 Nazarin Kudaden Shiga Idan aka Kwatanta da Haƙa Gaskiya

Babban binciken tattalin arziki shine cewa dabarar haƙa ma'adinai na son kai na Qubic ba ta da riba. Ga yawancin lokutan da aka bincika, kuɗin shiga da aka samu daga yaƙin neman zaman lafiya na son kai ya kasance ƙasa da kuɗin shiga da ake tsammani idan tafkin ya haƙa ma'adinai da gaskiya. Wannan ya saba wa fa'idar da ka'idar haƙa ma'adinai na son kai ta al'ada ke yi a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa.

4. Tsarin Ƙirƙira & Tsarin Aiki

4.1 Tsarin Haƙa Mai Son Kai na Al'ada da Wanda aka Gyara

Binciken yana kimanta ayyukan Qubic akan tsare-tsare guda biyu: tsarin haƙa ma'adinai na son kai na al'ada (Eyal da Sirer, 2014) da kuma tsarin Markov-chain da aka gyara. Marubutan sun lura cewa Qubic bai bi mafi kyawun dabarar tsarin al'ada ba, mai yiwuwa saboda damuwa na gaske kamar jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa da haɗarin ganowa. Maimakon haka, sun yi amfani da "dabarar saki mai tsauri," suna buga tubalan sirri da wuri fiye da mafi kyawun ka'idar don guje wa rasa su ga sarkar jama'a.

4.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Za a iya ƙirƙira dabarar haƙa ma'adinai na son kai a matsayin injin jiha. Bari $\alpha$ ya zama juzu'in hashrate na mai kai hari kuma $\gamma$ ya zama yuwuwar mai kai hari ya ci gudu lokacin da sarkarsa ta sirri da sarkar jama'a suke da tsayi iri ɗaya. Tsarin al'ada yana bayyana jihohin da ke wakiltar jagorancin sarkar sirri na mai kai hari. Kuɗin shiga na dangi da ake tsammani $R$ na mai kai hari aiki ne na $\alpha$ da $\gamma$. Tsarin da aka gyara a cikin wannan takarda yana daidaita yuwuwar canjin jiha don yin la'akari da manufar saki mai tsauri, wanda ke rage yuwuwar kuɗin shiga na mai kai hari. Babban rashin daidaito daga tsarin al'ada ya bayyana cewa haƙa ma'adinai na son kai yana da riba lokacin da $\alpha > \frac{1-2\gamma}{3-4\gamma}$. Ga madaidaicin $\gamma \approx 0.5$ (cibiyar sadarwa mai adalci), bakin kofa shine $\alpha > \frac{1}{3}$. Abubuwan da aka ƙaddara na Qubic sun sanya shi kusa ko ƙasa da wannan bakin kofa a yawancin lokutan, musamman lokacin da aka yi la'akari da dabarar tsauri, yana bayyana rashin riba.

5. Sakamako & Fassara

5.1 Kudaden Shiga da aka Lura da Wanda aka Hango

Bayanan sun tabbatar da hasashen duka tsarin al'ada da na gyara: haƙa ma'adinai na son kai bai yi riba ba ga Qubic a matakan hashrate da aka lura da kuma dabararsa. Duk da haka, takardar ta lura da "bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci" daga lankwalin kuɗin shiga da aka hango. Marubutan sun danganta wannan bambanci ga manyan dalilai guda biyu: 1) Hashrate mai canzawa da lokaci: Rabon Qubic bai kasance mai tsayi ba amma yana canzawa, yana sa zato na tsarin tsayayye ya zama ƙasa da daidaito. 2) Rarraba harin mai ƙarfi: Harin ba tsari ne mai santsi, mafi kyau ba amma an aiwatar da shi a cikin matakai daban-daban, waɗanda ba su da kyau.

5.2 Tasirin Cibiyar Sadarwa & Kwanciyar Hankali

Duk da rashin tasiri na tattalin arziki ga Qubic, yaƙin ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da za a iya auna akan sarkar Monero. Ƙarar adadin tubalan marayu (tubalan da aka haƙa amma ba a haɗa su cikin sarkar da aka sani ba) da kasancewar rassan sarkar masu gasa sun fi girma a lokutan kai hari. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa ko da ƙoƙarin haƙa ma'adinai na son kai mara riba na iya rage amincin cibiyar sadarwa da kuma tabbacin tabbatarwa.

6. Babban Hasashen Manazarcin: Rarraba Matakai Hudu

Babban Hasashe: Yaƙin Qubic ya kasance ƙasa da ƙwararrun kai hari kuma ya zama gwaji mai tsada, mai hayaniya wanda a ƙarshe ya tabbatar da juriyar Yarjejeniyar Nakamoto ta Monero a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun duniya, yayin da ya fallasa babban bambanci tsakanin ka'idar sirri mai tsabta da gaskiyar rikice-rikicen cibiyoyin sadarwa masu rai.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Takardar ta bin sawun daga ƙwaƙƙwaran zuwa gaskiya. Qubic ya tallata "mamaye kashi 51%," yana amfani da tsoron ka'idar haƙa ma'adinai na son kai. Duk da haka, aikin bayanan bincike na marubutan, ya bayyana wani labari daban: hashrate bai taɓa ketare bakin kofa mai mahimmanci ba, kuma dabarar da aka aiwatar ta kasance mai rauni, sigar kai hari mafi kyau mai gujewa haɗari. Ma'anar ma'ana ba za a iya gujewa ba—yaƙin ya kasance gazawar dabaranci da tattalin arziki, amma wani muhimmin bayani na aiki.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin binciken shine tsauraran hanyoyinsa a wani yanki da ke fama da duhun bayanai. Ƙirƙirar ingantaccen bayanan don tantance haƙa ma'adinai a cikin Monero babbar gudummawa ce, kamar nasarorin da aka samu ta hanyar bayanai wajen nazarin MEV a cikin Ethereum. Kurakuri, wanda marubutan suka yarda da shi, shine rashin tabbas na asali a cikin hanyoyin tantancewa. Shin wasu tubalan "Qubic" na wasu masu haƙa ma'adinai ne? Wannan rashin tabbas yana ɓata daidaiton lissafin kuɗin shiga kaɗan. Bugu da ƙari, duk da sun daidaita tsarin haƙa ma'adinai na son kai, ana iya zurfafa binciken ta hanyar haɗa ƙarin ra'ayoyi na ci gaba kamar "haƙa ma'adinai mai taurin kai" (Nayak et al., 2016) ko tasirin kuɗin ma'amala, waɗanda ke da alaƙa a cikin yanayin ladan tubala mai ƙarfi na Monero.

Hasashe Mai Aiki: Ga masu ƙirƙira ƙa'idodi, wannan wani bincike ne a cikin ƙarfin ɓoyayye. Algorithm na RandomX na Monero da jinkirin cibiyar sadarwa, duk da ba a ƙirƙira su azaman siffofi na yaƙi da haƙa ma'adinai na son kai ba, sun haifar da yanayi mai gaba ga ribar harin. Tsare-tsaren PoW na gaba yakamata su yi la'akari da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin, kamar "Lissafin Rike Tubala na Gaba" da Gervais et al. suka gabatar a cikin takardar CCS '16. Ga tafkunan haƙa ma'adinai, darasi a bayyane yake: aiwatar da kai hari mai riba a ka'idar a aikace yana cike da ɓoyayyun farashi da haɗari, yana sa haɗin gwiwa na gaskiya ya zama dabarar kuɗin shiga mafi kwanciyar hankali. Ga al'umma, lamarin ya jaddada buƙatar kayan aikin sa ido masu bayyana, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da tafki—wani abu na jama'a wanda bayanan da aka fitar na wannan takarda ke taimakawa wajen gina shi.

7. Hanyoyin Gaba & Hasashen Bincike

Wannan binciken ya buɗe hanyoyi da yawa don aikin gaba. Na farko, haɓaka ƙwararrun fasahohin tantance tubala masu ƙarfi da gama gari don tsabar kuɗi na sirri yana da mahimmanci don ci gaba da sa ido kan tsaro. Na biyu, fannin yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na aiki na wasu yuwuwar karkatacciyar hanyoyin PoW, kamar kai hari na 'yan fashi na lokaci ko amfani da jinkirin yarjejeniya, don gina cikakkiyar fahimtar barazanar duniya ta gaske. Na uku, akwai buƙatar ƙirƙira da nazarin haɗe-haɗen kai hari waɗanda ke haɗa haƙa ma'adinai na son kai tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar takunkumin ma'amala ko ƙoƙarin kashe kuɗi sau biyu a cikin yanayin kiyaye sirri. A ƙarshe, darussan haƙa ma'adinai na son kai na PoW yakamata su ba da labari game da binciken tsaro na sabbin hanyoyin tabbatar da Hujja da haɗin gwiwa, inda za a iya ƙirƙira irin waɗannan "staking" ko "tabbatar da" riƙe kai hari.

8. Nassoshi

1. I. Eyal da E. G. Sirer, "Mafi rinjaye bai isa ba: Haƙa ma'adinai na Bitcoin yana da rauni," a cikin Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC), 2014.
2. K. Nayak, S. Kumar, A. Miller, da E. Shi, "Haƙa ma'adinai mai taurin kai: Gabaɗaya haƙa ma'adinai na son kai da haɗawa da kai hari na kusufin rana," a cikin Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), 2016.
3. A. Gervais, G. O. Karame, K. Wüst, V. Glykantzis, H. Ritzdorf, da S. Capkun, "A kan tsaro da aikin hujja na sarƙoƙin aikin hujja," a cikin Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 2016.
4. Aikin Monero. "RandomX." [Kan layi]. Ana samuwa: https://github.com/tevador/RandomX
5. Tafkin Qubic. "Takaddun Bayanin API na Jama'a." (An ziyarta ta hanyar binciken).
6. J.-Y. Zhu, T. Park, P. Isola, da A. A. Efros, "Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Gaba da juna masu haɗari," a cikin Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2017. (An ambata a matsayin misalin takarda mai mahimmanci wacce ta kafa sabon ma'auni na aiki da tsari, kwatankwacin manufar wannan aikin a cikin tsaron blockchain).